High Availability and High Utilization Cloud Data Center Architecture for Supporting Telecommunications Services

ABSTRACT

The concepts and technologies disclosed herein provide high availability and high utilization cloud data center architecture for supporting telecommunications services. According to one aspect of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a 4-site model of application placement within the cloud computing environment provides 37.5% resource utilization with site availability of five 9s (99.999%) and virtual machine availability of five 9s. According to another aspect of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a 3-site model of application placement within the cloud computing environment provides 66% resource utilization with site availability of five 9s and virtual machine availability of five 9s. According to another aspect of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, a 4-site model of application placement within the cloud computing environment provides 75% resource utilization with site availability of five 9s and virtual machine availability of five 9s.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/225,050, entitled “High Availability and HighUtilization Cloud Data Center Architecture for SupportingTelecommunications Services,” filed Dec. 19, 2018, now allowed, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Cloud computing allows dynamically scalable virtualized resources tohost applications and services. Cloud computing enables appropriatelevels of resources to power software applications when and where theresources are needed in response to demand. As a result, cloud computingallows entities to respond quickly, efficiently, and in an automatedfashion to rapidly changing business environments.

Paramount to any computing platform is availability. Availability istypically measured as a percentage of time during which a givencomputing system is operational. While optimal availability is 100%,this is often not achievable. The current standard of “highavailability” is often referred to as “five 9s” or 99.999% availability.Over a period of 1 year, a computing system operating at five 9savailability will experience only 5 minutes and 36 seconds of downtime.

Five 9s availability has long been the goal of system administrators,whether the target system is a telecom or computing system. With therecent trend of cloud computing being used as a replacement forhardware-based solutions, the concept of five 9s availability has takena backseat to the ease of simply instantiating new instances of anapplication or service to counteract lower-than-average availability.However, as cloud computing becomes more ubiquitous, cloud providerswill endeavor once again to reach five 9s availability.

Next generation applications, such as Internet of Things (“IoT”),connected cars, remote surgery, augmented reality, virtual reality,video streaming, 5G voice and data applications, and others, requirereal-time sensitive applications running on cloud resources to providesuch services. These applications, in addition to stringent real-timeperformance requirements (e.g., latency, jitter, etc.), demand five 9savailability to provide such services.

In addition to availability and real-time performance requirements, aprimary indicator of system performance is utilization. Utilizationgenerally refers to the energy efficiency of a system. Many existingcloud computing models operate with low utilization. In other words,cloud computing resources are often left idle consuming electricity butnot performing any tasks. As more and more applications and services aremoved to the cloud, utilization will need to increase while maintaininghigh availability and real-time performance requirements.

SUMMARY

The concepts and technologies disclosed herein provide a highavailability and high utilization cloud data center architecture forsupporting telecommunications services. The high availability and highutilization cloud data center architecture can include a plurality ofsites (also referred to as geo-sites or geo-regions) representingspecific geographical locations in which computing resources arelocated. Each site can include one or more availability zones (“AZs”),each of which represents an isolated physical location within a site.Site resources of a given site are available to any AZ within that site.Zonal resources are available only in the associated AZ. Machines indifferent AZs have no single point of failure. Availability regions(“AR”) (also referred to as cloud instances) are isolated instances of acloud controller and associated cloud resources within an AZ. ARresources are available only in the corresponding AR. In someembodiments, AZ resources also can be shared across multiple ARs withinthe corresponding AZ.

An instance of a machine, a virtual machine (“VM”), an application, acontainer POD, a container instance, or a container cluster can beinstantiated in any site, AZ, or AR. A collection of VMs together canprovide a service such as, for example, connected car, 5G voice and dataservice, and others. A local redundancy model for a service can spreadVMs locally in a site across AZs and ARs to manage AZ and/or ARfailures. Another level of redundancy, referred to herein asgeo-redundancy, can spread a service across sites to manage sitefailures. In spreading VMs across AZs in different ARs, the real-timeperformance requirements (e.g., latency, jitter, etc.) of these servicesstill need to be met. In general, an AR provides for resiliency withinan AZ and enables high availability and higher cloud resourceutilization while providing capabilities to meet the stringent real-timerequirements of the services.

According to one aspect of the concepts and technologies disclosedherein, a 4-site local and geo-redundancy model for applicationplacement within a cloud computing environment provides 37.5% cloudresource utilization with site availability of five 9s (99.999%) andvirtual machine availability of five 9s. In particular, a plurality ofsites operating as part of the cloud computing environment can include,for example, a first site, a second site, a third site, and a fourthsite. The first site can include a first availability zone (“AZ”) that,in turn, includes a first availability region (“AR”) and a second AR.The first AR can include a first server and the second AR includes asecond server. The first server can include a first virtual machine, andthe second server can include a second virtual machine. The second sitecan include a second AZ that, in turn, includes a first duplicate of thefirst AR and a first duplicate of the second AR. The first duplicate ofthe first AR can include a first duplicate of the first server and thefirst duplicate of the second AR can include a first duplicate of thesecond server. The first duplicate of the first server can include afirst duplicate of the first virtual machine. The first duplicate of thesecond server can include a first duplicate of the second virtualmachine. The third site can include a third AZ that, in turn, includes asecond duplicate of the first AR and a second duplicate of the secondAR. The second duplicate of the first AR can include a second duplicateof the first server and the second duplicate of the second AR caninclude a second duplicate of the second server. The second duplicate ofthe first server can include a second duplicate of the first virtualmachine. The second duplicate of the second server can include a secondduplicate of the second virtual machine. The fourth site can include afourth AZ that, in turn, includes a third duplicate of the first AR anda third duplicate of the second AR. The third duplicate of the first ARcan include a third duplicate of the first server and the thirdduplicate of the second AR can include a third duplicate of the secondserver. The third duplicate of the first server can include a thirdduplicate of the first virtual machine. The third duplicate of thesecond server can include a third duplicate of the second virtualmachine. The VMs across ARs and within an AZ can be connected via alayer 3 or layer 2 network. The plurality of sites also can be connectedvia a layer 3 or layer 2 network. The first server and the second servercan be connected via a first layer 2 connection within the first AZ. Thefirst duplicate of the first server and the first duplicate of thesecond server can be connected via a second layer 2 connection withinthe second AZ. The second duplicate of the first server and the secondduplicate of the second server can be connected via a third layer 2connection within the third AZ. The third duplicate of the first serverand the third duplicate of the second server can be connected via afourth layer 2 connection within the fourth AZ.

According to another aspect of the concepts and technologies disclosedherein, a 3-site local and geo-redundancy model for applicationplacement within the cloud computing environment provides 66% cloudresource utilization with site availability of five 9s and virtualmachine availability of five 9s. In particular, a plurality of sitesoperating as part of the cloud computing environment can include, forexample, a first site, a second site, and a third site. The first sitecan include a first AZ that, in turn, includes a first AR, a second AR,and a third AR. The first AR can include a first server, the second ARcan include a second server, and the third AR can include a thirdserver. The first server can include a first virtual machine, the secondserver can include a second virtual machine, and the third server caninclude a third virtual machine. The second site can include a second AZthat, in turn, includes a first duplicate of the first AR, a firstduplicate of the second AR, and a first duplicate of the third AR. Thefirst duplicate of the first AR can include a first duplicate of thefirst server, the first duplicate of the second AR can include a firstduplicate of the second server, and the first duplicate of the third ARcan include a first duplicate of the third server. The first duplicateof the first server can include a first duplicate of the first virtualmachine, the first duplicate of the second server can include a firstduplicate of the second virtual machine, and the first duplicate of thethird server can include a first duplicate of the third virtual machine.The third site can include a third AZ that, in turn, includes a secondduplicate of the first AR, a second duplicate of the second AR, and asecond duplicate of the third AR. The second duplicate of the first ARcan include a second duplicate of the first server, the second duplicateof the second AR can include a second duplicate of the second server,and the second duplicate of the third AR can include a second duplicateof the third server. The second duplicate of the first server caninclude a second duplicate of the first virtual machine. The secondduplicate of the second server can include a second duplicate of thesecond virtual machine, and the second duplicate of the third server caninclude a second duplicate of the third virtual machine. The VMs acrossARs and within an AZ can be connected via a layer 3 or layer 2 network.The plurality of sites also can be connected via a layer 3 or layer 2network. The first server, the second server, and the third server canbe connected via a first layer 2 connection within the first AZ. Thefirst duplicate of the first server, the first duplicate of the secondserver, and the first duplicate of the third server can be connected viaa second layer 2 connection within the second AZ. The second duplicateof the first server, the second duplicate of the second server, and thesecond duplicate of the third server can be connected via a third layer2 connection within the third AZ.

According to another aspect of the concepts and technologies disclosedherein, a 4-site local and geo-redundancy model for applicationplacement within the cloud computing environment provides 75% cloudresource utilization with site availability of five 9s and virtualmachine availability of five 9s. In particular, a plurality of sitesoperating as part of a cloud computing environment can include, forexample, a first site, a second site, a third site, and a fourth site.The first site can include a first AZ that, in turn, includes a firstAR, a second AR, a third AR, and a fourth AR. The first AR can include afirst server, the second AR can include a second server, the third ARcan include a third server, and the fourth AR can include a fourthserver. The first server can include a first virtual machine, the secondserver can include a second virtual machine, the third server caninclude a third virtual machine, and the fourth server can include afourth virtual machine. The second site can include a second AZ that, inturn, includes a first duplicate of the first AR, a first duplicate ofthe second AR, a first duplicate of the third AR, and a first duplicateof the fourth AR. The first duplicate of the first AR includes a firstduplicate of the first server, the first duplicate of the second ARincludes a first duplicate of the second server, the first duplicate ofthe third AR includes a first duplicate of the third server, and thefirst duplicate of the fourth AR includes a first duplicate of thefourth server. The first duplicate of the first server can include afirst duplicate of the first virtual machine, the first duplicate of thesecond server can include a first duplicate of the second virtualmachine, the first duplicate of the third server can include a firstduplicate of the third virtual machine, and the first duplicate of thefourth server can include a first duplicate of the fourth virtualmachine. The third site can include a third AZ that, in turn, includes asecond duplicate of the first AR, a second duplicate of the second AR, asecond duplicate of the third AR, and a second duplicate of the fourthAR. The second duplicate of the first AR can include a second duplicateof the first server, the second duplicate of the second AR can include asecond duplicate of the second server, the second duplicate of the thirdAR can include a second duplicate of the third server, and the secondduplicate of the fourth AR can include a second duplicate of the fourthserver. The second duplicate of the first server can include a secondduplicate of the first virtual machine, the second duplicate of thesecond server can include a second duplicate of the second virtualmachine, the second duplicate of the third server can include a secondduplicate of the third virtual machine, and the second duplicate of thefourth server can include a second duplicate of the fourth virtualmachine. The fourth site can include a fourth AZ that, in turn, includesa third duplicate of the first AR, a third duplicate of the second AR, athird duplicate of the third AR, and a third duplicate of the fourth AR.The third duplicate of the first AR can include a third duplicate of thefirst server, the third duplicate of the second AR can include a thirdduplicate of the second server, the third duplicate of the third AR caninclude a third duplicate of the third server, and the third duplicateof the fourth AR can include a third duplicate of the fourth server. Thethird duplicate of the first server can include a third duplicate of thefirst virtual machine, the third duplicate of the second server caninclude a third duplicate of the second virtual machine, the thirdduplicate of the third server can include a third duplicate of the thirdvirtual machine, and the third duplicate of the fourth server caninclude a third duplicate of the fourth virtual machine. The VMs acrossARs within an AZ can be connected via a layer 3 or layer 2 network. Theplurality of sites also can be connected via a layer 3 or layer 2network. The first server, the second server, the third server, and thefourth server can be connected via a first layer 2 connection within thefirst AZ. The first duplicate of the first server, the first duplicateof the second server, the first duplicate of the third server, and thefirst duplicate of the fourth server can be connected via a second layer2 connection within the second AZ. The second duplicate of the firstserver, the second duplicate of the second server, the second duplicateof the third server, and the second duplicate of the fourth server canbe connected via a third layer 2 connection within the third AZ. Thethird duplicate of the first server, the third duplicate of the secondserver, the third duplicate of the third server, and the third duplicateof the fourth server can be connected via a fourth layer 2 connectionwithin the fourth AZ.

In some embodiments, the cloud computing environment can detect an eventwithin one of the plurality of sites. The event can include a plannedevent or an unplanned event. A planned event can include an upgrade toat least a portion of one of the plurality of sites. An unplanned eventcan include a failure of a least a portion of one of the plurality ofsites. In response to the event, the cloud computing environment canredirect traffic from a first portion of the plurality of sites to asecond portion of the plurality of sites.

In some embodiments, each of the virtual machines can provide, at leastin part, a real-time service. Each of the virtual machines can be aninstance of a virtual network function (“VNF”) that provides traditionalor evolving mobility networking functions, such as access networkelements, core network elements, transport network elements, and others,from purpose-built hardware to commercial-off-the-shelf (“COTS”)server-based platforms, such as those operating within theaforementioned servers. The real-time service can include, particularly,a voice service that can benefit greatly from the high availability andhigh utilization characteristics provided by the aforementioned models.

It should be appreciated that the above-described subject matter may beimplemented as a computer-controlled apparatus, a computer process, acomputing system, or as an article of manufacture such as acomputer-readable storage medium. These and various other features willbe apparent from a reading of the following Detailed Description and areview of the associated drawings.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intendedthat this Summary be used to limit the scope of the claimed subjectmatter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited toimplementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part ofthis disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating an example availability region(“AR”) and availability zone (“AZ”) distribution model in a highavailability cloud data center architecture implemented in a cloudcomputing environment to support real-time services, according to anillustrative embodiment.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating another example AR and AZdistribution model in the high availability cloud data centerarchitecture implemented in the cloud computing environment to supportreal-time services, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 1C is a block diagram illustrating a networking configuration forthe AR and AZ distribution models in the high availability cloud datacenter architecture implemented in the cloud computing environment tosupport real-time services, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a contrast between a new cloudarchitecture upon which the cloud computing environment can be deployedand a conventional cloud architecture, such as implemented, for example,in AWS by Amazon Web Services, Inc., according to an illustrativeembodiment.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example stretch network forthe AR and AZ distribution models in the high availability cloud datacenter architecture implemented in the cloud computing environment,according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating a physical network topology forthe AR and AZ distribution models in the high availability cloud datacenter architecture and implemented in the cloud computing environment,according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIGS. 3C-3E are block diagrams illustrating site architectures for adata center with a multi-AR configuration, according to illustrativeembodiments.

FIGS. 3F-3G are block diagrams illustrating a VNF configured in anactive-passive distribution model within a site compared to a VNF in acluster distribution model within the site.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an end-to-end work flow forvirtual network function (“VNF”) placement within the cloud computingenvironment, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example OPENSTACK Heatorchestration template used to configure a target site within the cloudcomputing environment, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIGS. 6A-6B are block diagrams illustrating an OPENSTACK neutronnetworking framework for a data center with a multi-AR configuration,according to illustrative embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an in-service AZ-by-AZ upgradewithout impacting tenant services, according to an illustrativeembodiment.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram illustrating layer 2 adjacency between tenantVNFs hosted in different ARs, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram illustrating a software-defined network(“SDN”) link between VNFs in different ARs, according to an illustrativeembodiment.

FIG. 8C is a block diagram illustrating an SDN link between VNFs indifferent ARs in a partial single root input/output virtualization(“SR-IOV”) implementation, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 8D is a block diagram illustrating an SDN link between VNFs indifferent ARs in a full SR-IOV implementation, according to anillustrative embodiment.

FIG. 9A is a block diagram illustrating a 4-site model of applicationplacement within the cloud computing environment that results in 25%resource utilization.

FIG. 9B is a block diagram illustrating a novel 4-site model ofapplication placement within the cloud computing environment thatresults in 37.5% resource utilization, according to an illustrativeembodiment.

FIG. 9C is a block diagram illustrating a novel 3-site model ofapplication placement the cloud computing environment that results in66% resource utilization, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 9D is a block diagram illustrating another novel 4-site model ofapplication placement within the cloud computing environment thatresults in 75% resource utilization, according to an illustrativeembodiment.

FIG. 10A is a graph illustrating an example cluster size versus cloudutilization, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 10B is a table illustrating example topologies and cloud resourceutilization scenarios, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating aspects of a method forapplication placement within the cloud computing environment, accordingto an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a functions virtualizationplatform capable of implementing aspects of the cloud computingenvironment, according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an example computer systemcapable of implementing aspects of the embodiments presented herein.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a network, according to anillustrative embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a network topology for a data centercloud, according to an illustrative embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The practice standard for deployment of information technology (“IT”)applications in a cloud computing environment is to use availabilityzones to achieve resiliency. Many cloud service providers, such as AWSby Amazon Web Services, Inc., rely on availability zones for applicationdeployment. These service providers can cope with increases in latencyand jitter common with such practices. Telecommunications serviceproviders may use cloud computing environments to deploy virtual networkfunctions (“VNFs”) that provide various network functionality in supportof real-time services, such as voice and data services. Mosttelecommunications VNFs cannot exploit availability zones for resiliencydue to high latency and high jitter. Currently, the use of availabilityzones in a cloud computing environment results in very low cloudresource utilization (e.g., on the order of peak utilization of around25% and average utilization of around 13%) to achieve high availability(i.e., five 9s of availability). This creates issues fortelecommunications service providers, since deployment and maintenanceof a cloud computing environment with low utilization and highavailability significantly increases capital expenditures (“capex”) andoperational expenditures (“opex”) to meet high availabilityrequirements.

While the subject matter described herein may be presented, at times, inthe general context of program modules that execute in conjunction withthe execution of an operating system and application programs on acomputer system, those skilled in the art will recognize that otherimplementations may be performed in combination with other types ofprogram modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs,components, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and/orother types of structures that perform particular tasks or implementparticular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art willappreciate that the subject matter described herein may be practicedwith other computer systems, including hand-held devices, mobiledevices, wireless devices, multiprocessor systems, distributed computingsystems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics,minicomputers, mainframe computers, routers, switches, other computingdevices described herein, and the like.

Referring now to FIG. 1A, a block diagram illustrating an exampleavailability region (“AR”) and availability zone (“AZ”) distributionmodel in a high availability cloud data center architecture implementedin a cloud computing environment 100 to support real-time services willbe described. The cloud computing environment 100 illustrates a datacenter site (“site”) 102 (also referred to as a geo-site or ageo-region) that is representative of a geographical location in whichhardware resources of a data center operating as part of the cloudcomputing environment 100 are located. As used herein, a “data center”refers to a computing facility that includes one or more switches (e.g.,core switches, top-of-rack switches, spine switches, leaf switches,and/or the like) and one or more server racks that, in turn, can includeone or more servers upon which one or more virtual machines (“VMs”) canbe executed. As used herein, a “VM” refers to a software-based computingsystem that runs one or more operating systems and/or one or moreapplications. Although VMs are illustrated and referenced throughoutthis disclosure, the cloud computing environment 100 alternatively caninclude other virtualized resources, such as virtual network functions(“VNFs”), virtual volumes, virtual networks, virtual containers, and/orother virtualized resources.

The site 102 can be identified, for example, by the city, such as SanDiego, Houston, or New York, in which hardware resources operating inone or more data centers of the cloud computing environment 100 arelocated. The site 102 is not intended to encompass the entirety of anamed location (e.g., San Diego), but instead a general area in whichthe hardware resources are located. Alternatively, the site 102 canidentify general areas, such as, for example, North-United States,South-United States, East-United States, or West-United States. Althoughonly a single site 102 is illustrated, the cloud computing environment100 can include any number of sites 102. An example multi-siteconfiguration of the cloud computing environment 100 is shown in FIG.1B.

A given site 102 can include any number of AZs 104, each of whichrepresents an isolated physical location within the site 102, and eachof which can be defined by a provider edge/gateway (“PE/GW”) 106 thatdesignates a service demarcation for connectivity between resources inan AZ 104 and a backbone network (i.e., layer 3 “L3” network) 108. Theillustrated site 102 includes a first AZ (“AZ₁”) 104A and a second AZ(“AZ₂”) 104B defined by a first PE/GW (“PE/GW₁”) 106A and a second PE/GW(“PE/GW₂”) 106B, respectively. A site 102 identified as “San Diego”might include multiple AZs, such as “San Diego 1,” “San Diego 2,” and soon.

In accordance with the concepts and technologies disclosed herein, anddifferent from current availability zone distribution models used toachieve resiliency in real-time applications deployed in a cloud, agiven AZ 104 can include any number of ARs 110 (alternatively referredto as “cloud instances”), each having a local control plane (“LCP”) thatincludes a server (not shown in FIG. 1) hosting a cloud controller(“CC”) 112 instance that manages a pool of tenant servers (shown as“tenant 114”; single tenant server configurations are also contemplated)hosting one or more applications, such as one or more VNFs that supportone or more real-time services.

In the illustrated embodiment, the AZ₁ 104A includes a first AR (“AR₁”)110A that, in turn, includes a first CC (“CC₁”) 112A that manages afirst pool of tenant servers (“tenant₁”) 114A; a second AR (“AR₂”) 110Bthat, in turn, includes a second CC (“CC₂”) 112B that manages a secondpool of tenant servers (“tenant₂”) 114B; and a third AR (“AR₃”) 110Cthat, in turn, includes a third CC (“CC₃”) 112C that manages a thirdpool of tenant servers (“tenant₃”) 114C. The AZ₂ 104B duplicates theconfiguration of the AZ₁ 104A for high availability, and as such, theelements in each AZ 104 of the site 102 are identified using the samenumbering scheme. This numbering scheme is used throughout thedescription of the remaining FIGURES. Moreover, references to the AZs104, the PE/GWs 106, the ARs 110, the CCs 112, and the tenants 114hereinafter can be interpreted as an instance thereof. For example, boththe AZ₁ 104A and the AZ₂ 104B shown in the configuration of the cloudcomputing environment 100 in FIG. 1A include an instance of the AR₁110A, the AR₂ 110B, and the AR₃ 110C to illustrate an embodiment of theredundancy that can provided by the cloud computing environment 100 inaccordance with some of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein.

Each of the CCs 112 provides a set of cloud controller services 116,such as compute services, networking services, storage services,orchestration services, and other services. In the illustratedembodiment, the cloud controller services 116 are OPENSTACK services,including Nova 118, Neutron 120, Cinder 122, Swift 124, Glance 126, Heat127, and other services (not shown), each accessible via applicationprogramming interfaces (“APIs”; not shown) exposed by OPENSTACK. Nova118 is an OPENSTACK service that allows the provisioning of computeinstances (e.g., virtual machines, bare metal servers, and containers).Neutron 120 is an OPENSTACK service that provides network connectivityas-a-service between interface devices (e.g., virtual network interfacecontrollers) managed by other OPENSTACK services, such as Nova 118.Cinder 122 is an OPENSTACK service that provides tools to manage storageresources consumed by compute instances created by Nova 118. Swift 124is an OPENSTACK service that provides tools for data storage in thecloud. Glance 126 is an OPENSTACK service that facilitates discovery,registration, and retrieval of virtual machine images and associatedmetadata. Heat 127 is an OPENSTACK service that orchestrates cloudapplications using a declarative template format through an OPENSTACKREST API. An example portion of a Heat 127 template for use inaccordance with the concepts and technologies disclosed herein isdescribed herein below with reference to FIG. 5. OPENSTACK iswell-documented and understood by those skilled in the art. Therefore,additional details regarding OPENSTACK in general and the OPENSTACKservices 116 particularly referenced herein are not provided, sincethose skilled in the art will readily understand the capabilities ofOPENSTACK as pertinent to the concepts and technologies disclosedherein. It should be understand that the use of OPENSTACK herein is onlyan example software platform upon which the concepts and technologiesdisclosed herein can be implemented, and software platforms for cloudcomputing are contemplated, and the applicability of which would beunderstood by one skilled in the art.

Network functions virtualization (“NFV”) is a new technology initiativethat aims to move traditional and evolving mobility networkingfunctions, such as access network elements, core network elements,transport network elements, and others, from purpose-built hardware tocommercial-off-the-shelf (“COTS”) server-based platforms, such as thoseoperating within servers disclosed herein. This is achieved throughvirtualization of mobility networking functions to create VNFs thatoperate on COTS hardware. The VNFs can perform any telecommunicationsfunction in support of one or more real-time services, including,particularly, voice services that benefit greatly from highavailability.

In some embodiments, the cloud computing environment 100 is or includesa software-defined network (“SDN”). SDN is an architectural frameworkthat provides a software-centric cloud environment for creatingintelligent networks that are programmable, application aware, and moreopen. SDN provides an agile and cost-effective communications platformfor handling the dramatic increase in data traffic on carrier networksby providing a high degree of scalability, security, and flexibility.SDN provides several benefits over traditional networks. SDN allows forthe creation of multiple virtual network control planes on commonhardware. SDN helps extend service virtualization and software controlinto many existing network elements. SDN enables applications to requestand manipulate services provided by the network and to allow the networkto expose network states back to the applications. SDN exposes networkcapabilities through application programming interfaces (“APIs”), makingthe control of network equipment remotely accessible and modifiable viathird-party software clients using open protocols such as OpenFlow,available from Open Network Forum (“ONF”).

Combining SDN and NFV functionality, such as in Domain 2.0, availablefrom AT&T, provides a highly complex and dynamic set of relationshipsbetween virtual, logical, and physical resources. Networks, such asembodied in Domain 2.0 deployments, provide intelligent software systemsand applications operating on general purpose commodity hardware (e.g.,COTS). This not only drives down capital expenditures, ongoingoperational costs, and helps to configure networks with less humanintervention, but also creates significant opportunities to scale andmonetize existing and new intelligent services.

Within service providers, such as AT&T, orchestration systems likecontrol, orchestration, management, and policy (“ECOMP”) have beencreated to dramatically reduce monotonous tasks and monitoring requiredby human operators through data-based analytics. Current orchestrationsystems often incite frustration among operators due to over-complicatednetwork status readouts, non-specific network manipulationsautomatically performed by the orchestration system, and the inabilityto quickly “revert” changes caused by such manipulations. AT&T's ECOMPhas been combined with the Open Orchestrator Project (“OPEN-O”) tocreate the Open Network Automation Platform (“ONAP”) project supportedby the Linux Foundation. ONAP is an open source software platform thatdelivers capabilities for the design, creation, orchestration,monitoring, and life cycle management of SDNs and the VNFs operatingtherein, as well as higher-level services that utilize the functionalityof SDN/VNF. ONAP provides automatic, policy-driven interaction of thesefunctions and services in a dynamic, real-time cloud environment, suchas the cloud computing environment 100.

In some embodiments, the cloud computing environment 100 provides, atleast in part, Infrastructure-as-a-Service (“IaaS”), through which thetenants(s) 114 can interact with a front end (not shown) to provisionprocessing, storage, networks, and other computing resources, wherebythe tenants(s) 114 is/are able to deploy and run software, which caninclude, for example, VNFs to provide, at least in part, one or moretelecommunications service(s) for the tenants 114 and/or others such asusers or subscribers to the service(s). The tenant(s) 114 do not manageor control the underlying cloud infrastructure of the cloud computingenvironment 100, but have control over operating systems, storage, anddeployed applications, and in some implementations, limited control ofselect networking components (e.g., host firewalls and/or other securitycomponents).

In some embodiments, the cloud computing environment 100 is provided aspart of a private cloud infrastructure. A private cloud infrastructureis a cloud infrastructure that is provisioned for exclusive use by asingle organization, which can include multiple users. A private cloudinfrastructure might be owned, managed, and operated by theorganization, a third party, or some combination thereof. A privatecloud infrastructure can exist on or off premises. The tenant 114 canaccess a private cloud infrastructure provided, at least in part, by thecloud computing environment 100 via a front end, which can be providedby and/or accessed through a client, such as a web client application,or a native client application, for example.

In some embodiments, the cloud computing environment 100 is provided aspart of a community cloud infrastructure. A community cloudinfrastructure is a cloud infrastructure that is provisioned forexclusive use by a specific community of users from organizations thathave shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, andcompliance considerations). A community cloud infrastructure might beowned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in thecommunity, a third party, or some combination thereof. A community cloudinfrastructure may exist on or off premises. The tenant 114 can access acommunity cloud infrastructure provided, at least in part, by the cloudcomputing environment 100 via a front end, which can be provided byand/or accessed through a client, such as a web client application, or anative client application, for example.

In some embodiments, the cloud computing environment 100 is provided aspart of a public cloud infrastructure. A public cloud infrastructure isa cloud infrastructure that is provisioned for open use by the generalpublic. A public cloud infrastructure might be owned, managed, andoperated by a business, academic, or government organization, or somecombination thereof. A public cloud infrastructure exists on thepremises of the cloud service provider. The tenants 114 can access apublic cloud infrastructure provided, at least in part, by the cloudcomputing environment 100 via a front end, which can be provided byand/or accessed through a client, such as a web client application, or anative client application, for example.

In some embodiments, the cloud computing environment 100 is provided aspart of a hybrid cloud infrastructure. A hybrid cloud infrastructure isa cloud infrastructure that is a composition of two or more distinctcloud infrastructures—private, community, or public—that remain uniqueentities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietarytechnology that enables data and application portability. The tenants114 can access a hybrid cloud infrastructure provided, at least in part,by the cloud computing environment 100 via a front end, which can beprovided by and/or accessed through a client, such as a web clientapplication, or a native client application, for example.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, a block diagram illustrating another exampleAR and AZ distribution model in a high availability cloud data centerarchitecture implemented in the cloud computing environment 100 tosupport real-time services will be described, according to anillustrative embodiment. The distribution model used by the cloudcomputing environment 100 in FIG. 1B illustrates a plurality of sites102A-102N, including a first site (“SITE₁”) 102A, a second site(“SITE₂”) 102B, and an N^(th) site (“SITE_(N)”) 102N. The SITE₁ 102Aincludes a single AZ 104—that is, the AZ₁ 104A defined by the PE/GW₁106A that designates a service demarcation for connectivity betweencloud resources in the AZ₁ 104A and the backbone network 108. The SITE₂102B includes three AZs 104, including the AZ₁ 104A, the AZ₂ 104B, andthe AZ₃ 104C, defined, respectively, by the PE/GW₁ 106A, the PE/GW₂106B, and the PE/GW₃ 106C that designate service demarcations forconnectivity between cloud resources in a corresponding AZ 104 and thebackbone network 108. The SITE_(N) 102N includes two AZs 104, includingthe AZ₁ 104A and the AZ₂ 104B, defined, respectively, by the PE/GW₁ 106Aand the PE/GW₂ 106B that designate service demarcations for connectivitybetween cloud resources in a corresponding AZ 104 and the backbonenetwork 108. Each of the instances of the AZ₁ 104A in the SITE₁ 102A andthe SITE₂ 102B include the AR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, and the AR₃ 110C, asdoes the AZ₂ 104B in the SITE₂ 102B. The AZ₃ 104C instance in the SITE₂102B includes the AR₁ 110A and the second AR₂ 110B, as does the AZ₁ 104Ain SITE_(N) 102N. The AZ₂ 104B instance in the SITE_(N) 102N includesthe AR₁ 110A. The SITE_(N) 102N is illustrative of three 9s (i.e.,99.9%) availability that can be achieved with a single AR 110 (see AZ₂104B in the SITE_(N) 102N), and of five 9s (i.e., 99.999%) availabilitythat can be achieved with two or more ARs 110 (see AZ₁ 104A in theSITE_(N) 102N). The CCs 112 and the tenants 114 introduced in FIG. 1Aare not shown in FIG. 1B, but the ARs 110 should be interpreted asincluding at least one CC 112 and at least one tenant 114 such as in theconfiguration of the cloud computing environment 100 described abovewith reference to FIG. 1A.

Referring now to FIG. 1C, a block diagram illustrating a networkingconfiguration for the aforementioned AR and AZ distribution models in ahigh availability cloud data center architecture implemented in thecloud computing environment 100 to support real-time services will bedescribed, according to an illustrative embodiment. In the illustratedembodiment, the site 102 has one AZ 104 (AZ₁ 104A) and two ARs (AR₁ 110Aand AR₂ 110B), with each AR 110 having two servers 128 (i.e.,representative of the tenant 114) that, in turn, each include a VM 130and a virtual router/virtual switch (“vR/vS”) 132. In particular, theVM₁ 130A hosted by the server₁ 128A is communicatively connected to theVM₂ 130B hosted by the server₂ 128B via a layer 2 (“L2”) connection, andthe VM₃ 130C hosted by the server₃ 128C is communicatively connected tothe VM₄ 130D in the server₄ 128D via another L2 connection. The vR/vS₁132A and the vR/vS₂ 132B are communicatively connected to each other andto a software-defined network (“SDN”) controller₁ 134A, whichcommunicates, via a peer-to-peer connection, with the SDN controllers134B that serves the vR/vS₃ 132C and the vR/vS₄ 132D. The East-Westcommunications between VMs 130 within a given AR 110 is typically layer2, but alternatively can be layer 3.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a block diagram illustrating a contrast betweena new cloud architecture 200 upon which the cloud computing environment100 can be deployed and a conventional cloud architecture 202, such asimplemented, for example, in AWS by Amazon Web Services, Inc. will bedescribed. In the illustrated example, the new cloud architecture 200includes the SITE″ 102A and the SITES 102B, each having instances of theAZ₁ 104A and the AZ₂ 104B. The AZ₁ 104A in both sites 102A-102B includesinstances of the AR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, and the AR₃ 110C. The AZ₂ 104Bin both sites 102 includes instances of the AR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B.In contrast to the new cloud architecture 200, the conventional cloudarchitecture 202 includes two regions 204 (REGION₁ 204A and REGIONS204B), each of which includes two zones 206 (ZONE₁ 206A and ZONE₂ 206B).

Table 1 below shows the availability and latency achieved with the newcloud architecture 200 and the conventional cloud architecture 202. Thenew cloud architecture 200 is capable of offering five 9s availabilitywithin the sites 102A-102B, the AZs 104A-104B, and the ARs 110A-110C.The conventional cloud architecture 202 also is capable of offering five9s availability within the regions 204A-204B (as compared to the sites102), but fails to provide such high availability in the zones 206A-206B(as compared to the AZs 104). Moreover, the conventional cloudarchitecture 202 does not offer the additional distribution granularityprovided by the ARs 110A-110C in the new cloud architecture 200, whichalso are capable of offering five 9s availability. Latency remains thesame (>2 ms) for communications between AZs 104A-104B in the new cloudarchitecture 200 and between zones 206A-206B in the conventional cloudarchitecture 202. Latency less than 2 ms (i.e., low latency) isachievable for communications between the

CONVENTIONAL NEW CLOUD CLOUD ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE AVAIL- SITE/ 59's 5 9's ABILITY GEO-REGION AZ/Zone 5 9's 3 9's AR/Cloud 3 9's N/AInstance LATENCY AZ to AZ/ >2 ms >2 ms Zone to Zone AR to AR <2 ms N/AARs 110A-110C. Since the conventional cloud architecture 202 fails toprovide a demarcation similar such as provided by the ARs 110A-110C inthe new cloud architecture 200, latency values associated with such ademarcation are not available for the conventional cloud architecture202.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, a block diagram illustrating an example VNF L2stretch network 300 for the AR and AZ distribution models in the highavailability cloud data center architecture implemented in the cloudcomputing environment 100 will be described, according to anillustrative embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, the cloudcomputing environment 100 includes the site 102 having one AZ 104 (AZ₁104A) and two ARs 110 (AR₁ 110A and AR₂ 110B). The AR₁ 110A hosts theserver₁ 128A, which includes a VNF in an active state (“VNF-ACTIVE”) 302and the vR/vS₁ 132A. The AR₂ 110B hosts the servers 128B, which includesa VNF in a passive state (“VNF-PASSIVE”) 304 and the vR/vS₂ 132B.

L2 networks within the AR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B are represented as theAR₁ L2 network 306A and the AR₂ L2 network 306B, respectively. The VNFL2 stretch network 300 utilizes Ethernet virtual private network(“EVPN”) routes to stretch the AR₁ L2 network 306A and the AR₂ L2network 306B between the ARs 110. East-to-west traffic between the ARs110A-110B (i.e., via vR/vS₁ 132A to vR/vS₂ 132B) traverses the VNF L2stretch network 300 through spine switches 310 (to achieve latency <2ms) without the traffic being routed through the PE/GW 106.

The vR/vS₁ 132A and the vR/vS₂ 132B are communicatively connected to theSDN controller₁ 134A and the SDN controllers 134B, respectively. The SDNcontrollers 134A-134B communicate, via a peer-to-peer connection, with avirtual route reflector (“vRR”) 312. The vRR 312 advertises, to the SDNcontrollers 134A-134B, IP addresses/routes and/or MAC addresses acrossthe ARs 110A-110B. The SDN controllers 134A-134B instruct the vR/vSs132A-132B to forward tenant traffic through the routes/addresses/MACsadvertised by the vRR 312. Though the East-West communications betweenVMs 130 across ARs 110 is typically layer 2, and hence stretch L2networks, it could be layer 3 as well. To meet the stringent real-timerequirements, the L2/L3 traffic can be switched/routed within an AZ 104.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, a block diagram illustrating a physicalnetwork topology for the AR and AZ distribution models in the highavailability cloud data center architecture and implemented in the cloudcomputing environment 100 will be described, according to anillustrative embodiment. This topology scales to support the local cloudinfrastructure and tenant traffic association with a tenant VNF layer 2and layer 3 protocol adjacencies with each other and/or with the PE/GW106. The physical network topology illustrates a data center with amulti-AR configuration in a single site 102 using a full CLOS fabricnetwork 314. The site 102 has one AZ 104 defined by the PE/GWs 106A,106B service demarcation that provides connectivity between resources inthe AZ 104 and the backbone network 108. The full CLOS fabric network314 includes the PE/GW 106 communicatively connected to leaf switches316 (border leaf 1 and border leaf 2) that, in turn, are communicativelyconnected to the spine switches 310 (introduced above with reference toFIG. 3A—illustrated in a hierarchy including two super spine switchesand eight spine switches) that, in turn, are communicatively connectedto additional leaf switches 316, which provide connectivity to the ARs110A-110H and the tenants 114A-11411.

Referring now to FIGS. 3C-3E, site architectures for a data center witha multi-AR configuration will be described, according to illustrativeembodiments. Turning first to FIG. 3C, an example site architectureshows a data center with a multi-AR configuration in a single site usingan implementation of the full CLOS fabric network 314 (introduced abovewith reference to FIG. 3B), according to an illustrative embodiment. Thefirst site architecture includes the site 102 having one AZ 104 definedby the PE/GW 106 service demarcation that provides connectivity betweenresources in the AZ 104 and the backbone network 108 (not shown in FIG.3C). The illustrated implementation of the full CLOS fabric network 314includes the PE/GW 106 communicatively connected to the spine switches310 (introduced above with reference to FIG. 3A) that, in turn, arecommunicatively connected to the leaf switches 316 (also introducedabove with reference to FIG. 3B), which provide connectivity to the ARs110A-110B and the tenants 114A-114B.

Turning now to FIG. 3D, another example site architecture shows a datacenter with a multi-AR configuration in the site 102 using one or morespine peer links 318 and/or one or more leaf peer links 320, accordingto an illustrative embodiment. The illustrated example architectureincludes the site 102 having one AZ 104 defined by the PE/GW 106 servicedemarcation that provides connectivity between resources in the AZ 104and the backbone network 108 (not shown in FIG. 3D). In the illustratedembodiment, the CLOS fabric network 314 includes a first set of spineswitches 310A communicatively connected to a first set of leaf switches316A that provide connectivity to the ARs 110A-110B, and a second set ofspine switches 310B communicatively connected to a second set of leafswitches 316B that provide connectively to the tenants 114A-114B. Thefirst set of spine switches 310A is communicatively connected to thesecond set of spine switches 310B via the spine peer link(s) 318. Thefirst set of leaf switches 316A is communicatively connected to thesecond set of leaf switches 316B via the leaf peer link(s) 320.

Turning now to FIG. 3E, another example site architecture shows a datacenter with a multi-AR configuration in the site 102 using the spinepeer link(s) 318 and/or the leaf peer links 320, according to anillustrative embodiment. The illustrated example architecture includesthe site 102 having one AZ 104 defined by the PE/GW 106 servicedemarcation that provides connectivity between resources in the AZ 104and the backbone network 108 (not shown in FIG. 3E). In the illustratedembodiment, the CLOS fabric network 314 includes the first set of spineswitches 310A communicatively connected to the first set of leafswitches 316A that provide connectivity to the AR₁ 110A and the tenant₁114A, and the second set of spine switches 310B communicativelyconnected to the second set of leaf switches 316B that provideconnectively to the AR₂ 110B and the tenant₂ 114B. The first set ofspine switches 310A is communicatively connected to the second set ofspine switches 310B via the spine peer link(s) 318. The first set ofleaf switches 316A is communicatively connected to the second set ofleaf switches 316B via the leaf peer link(s) 320.

Referring now to FIGS. 3F-3G, a VNF configured in an exampleactive-passive distribution model (FIG. 3F) within the site 102 will becompared to a VNF in an example cluster distribution model (FIG. 3F)within the site 102. The example active-passive distribution model shownin FIG. 3F illustrates the site 102, including the AZ₁ 104A and the AZ₂104B, each having instances of the AR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B. The AR₁110A in the AZ₁ 104A includes a first active VNF (“VNF₁-ACTIVE”) 302Aand a second active VNF (“VNF₂-ACTIVE”) 302B. The VNF₂-ACTIVE 302B iscommunicatively connected via an L2 connection to a second passive VNF(“VNF₂-PASSIVE”) 304B in the AR₂ 110B of the AZ₁ 104A. The VNF₁-ACTIVE302A is communicatively connected via an L2 connection to a firstpassive VNF (“VNF₁-PASSIVE”) 304A in the AR₂ 110B of the AZ₂ 104B. TheAR₁ 110A of the AZ₂ 104B also includes a duplicate of the VNF₂-ACTIVE302B along with a third active VNF (“VNF₃-ACTIVE”) 302C. The VNF₂-ACTIVE302B in the AR₁ 110A of the AZ₂ 104B is communicatively connected via anL2 connection to a VNF₂-PASSIVE 304B in the AR₂ 110B of the AZ₂ 104B.The VNF₃-ACTIVE 302C in the AR₁ 110A of the AZ₂ 104B is communicativelyconnected via an L2 connection to a third passive VNF (“VNF₃-PASSIVE”)304C in the AR₂ 110B of the AZ₂ 104B.

Most telecommunications carrier grade physical network functions have1+1 redundancy for high availability. The concepts and technologiesdisclosed herein for the cloud computing environment 100 are able toachieve high availability and high utilization on par with thesephysical network functions using VNFs 302/304. In the exampleillustrated in FIG. 3F, if the AZ₁ 104A availability is 99%, the AZ₂104B availability is 99%, and the standalone AZ₁ 104A and AZ₂ 104B arenot telecommunications carrier grade, then: the availability of the VNF₁302A/304A is 99.99% and the utilization of the VNF₁ 302A/304A is 50%;the availability of the VNF₂ 302B/304B is 99.99% and the utilization ofthe VNF₂ 302B/304B is 25%; and the availability of the VNF₃ 302C/304C is99% and the utilization of the VNF₃ 302C/304C is 50%. The availabilityand utilization of the VNF₁ 302A/304A is in line with telecommunicationscarrier requirements. This results in significant Capex and Opexsavings. The availability of the VNF₂ 302B/304B is in line withtelecommunications carrier requirements, but utilization is below therequirement, resulting in significant Capex and Opex costs. Theavailability of the VNF₃ 302C/304C is below the requirement, but theutilization is in line with telecommunications carrier requirements,also resulting in significant Capex and Opex costs.

The example cluster distribution model shown in FIG. 3G illustrates thesite 102, including the AZ₁ 104A and the AZ₂ 104B, each having instancesof the AR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B. The AR₁ 110A in the AZ₁ 104A includesan instance of the VNF₁-ACTIVE 302A. The AR₂ 110B in the AZ₁ 104Aincludes two duplicate instances of the VNF₁-ACTIVE 302A. These threeinstances of the VNF₁-ACTIVE 302A are communicatively connected via L2connections, thereby forming a cluster 322A. The AR₁ 110A in the AZ₂104B includes two instances of the VNF₁-ACTIVE 302A. The AR₂₁₁₀B in theAZ₂ 104B includes one instance of the VNF₁-ACTIVE 302A. These threeinstances of the VNF₁-ACTIVE 302A are communicatively connected via L2connections, thereby forming a cluster 322B. The clusters 322A, 322B arecommunicatively connected via L2 connection.

The concepts and technologies disclosed herein for the cloud computingenvironment 100 are able to achieve high availability and highutilization on par with physical network functions with clusterredundancy for high availability. In the example illustrated in FIG. 3G,if the AZ₁ 104A availability is 99%, the AZ₂ 104B availability is 99%,and the standalone AZ₁ 104A and AZ₂ 104B is not telecommunicationscarrier grade, then, with the cluster 322A set as active and the cluster322B set as passive (stand-by), the availability is 99.99% and theutilization is 50%. The cluster availability and utilization are in linewith telecommunications carrier requirements. This results insignificant Capex and Opex savings.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a block diagram illustrating an end-to-end workflow 400 for VNF placement within the cloud computing environment 100will be described, according to an illustrative embodiment. Theillustrated embodiment shows an orchestrator 402, a central placementdecision system 404, an inventory for active and available resources(“inventory”) 406, and a target site 408 (e.g., one of the sites 102described herein above).

The orchestrator 402 generates and sends a VNF homing request 416 to aconductor service 410 provided by the central placement decision system404. The conductor service 410 performs a capacity check for eachcandidate site of the sites 102. The site 102 having capacity needed toaccommodate the VNF homing request 416 is selected by the conductorservice 410 as the target site 408. The conductor service 410 respondsto the orchestrator 402 by identifying the target site 408 to which VNFsshould be homed.

The orchestrator 402 then generates and sends a VNF placement request418, including an OPENSTACK Heat orchestration template (“HOT”) (exampleshown in FIG. 5), to a valet service 412. The valet service 412determines VNF placements and returns, to the orchestrator 402, theOPENSTACK HOT, including any modifications the valet service 412 madethereto. Based upon the placement decision, the valet service 412schedules corresponding host-aggregates via OPENSTACK Nova REST APIs(generally shown as host-aggregates control 420) of the OPENSTACKservices 116 in the target site 408.

The orchestrator 402 then instantiates VNF placements (generally shownas placement instantiation 422). In particular, the orchestrator 402communicates with OPENSTACK Heat 127 to instantiate VMs (e.g., the VMs130 best shown in FIG. 1C) and receives results. The orchestrator 402will notice rollback and retrial with the valet service 412 if theresults indicate the VNF placement failed, or will confirm if theplacement is successful. The OPENSTACK services 116 in the target site408 will notify a resource orchestrator 414 of the resources consumed.The resource orchestrator 414 reports this placement result 424 to theinventory 406, which can then update the active and available resources.

The orchestrator 402 creates new valet group declarations (i.e., valetaffinity, diversity, and exclusivity groups), and updates the metadataassociated therewith. The valet service 412 listens to OPENSTACK events(shown as VM and host update event 428) from the inventory 406. Thevalet service 412 also performs periodic resource status checks 426 ofthe target site 408 resources and caches via Nova REST APIs.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a block diagram illustrating an example snippetof a HOT template (requested HOT snippet 500) sent by the orchestrator402 to configure the target site 408 (shown in FIG. 4) within the cloudcomputing environment 100 will be described, according to anillustrative embodiment. The requested HOT snippet 500 shows theresources for each VM/VNF to be instantiated. The illustrated requestedHOT snippet 500 provides resource definitions for three VMs 130—VM₁130A, VM₂ 130B, and VM₃ 130C—each of which are shown in the target site408. In particular, the requested HOT snippet 500 defines the instancetypes and properties for each of the VMs 130 such that the VM₁ 130A isinstantiated in a first host (“HOST₁”) 502A of hosts 502A-502D in racks504A-504B in the AR₁ 110A of the AZ₁ 104A; the VM₂ 130B is instantiatedin a fifth host (HOST₅”) 502E of hosts 502E-502H in racks 504C-504D inthe AR₂ 110B of the AZ₁ 104A; and the VM₃ 130C is instantiated in aninth host (“HOST₉”) 502I of hosts 502I-502J in rack 504E in the AR₃110C of the AZ₁ 104A. It should be noted that the“valet_availability_region” property in the requested HOT snippet 500 isa new property under OS::Nova::Server Type in the requested HOT snippet500.

Referring now to FIGS. 6A-6B, embodiments of an OPENSTACK neutronnetworking framework (“networking framework”) 600 for a data center 602with a multi-AR configuration will be described, according toillustrative embodiments. Turning first to FIG. 6A, an embodiment of thenetworking framework 600A for the data center 602 will be described. Thedata center 602 includes the AR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B served by thevR/vS 132, which provides connectivity to the backbone network 108. TheAR₁ 110A includes the server₁ 128A that hosts the VM₁ 130A and the VM₂130B. The AR₂ 110B includes the server₂ 128B that hosts the VM₃ 130C andthe VM₄ 130D. The VMs 130A-130D are connected to the vR/vS 132 via asubnet 604 (e.g., the VNF L2 stretch network 300 shown in FIG. 3A) thatspans both of the ARs 110. In case of single root input/outputvirtualization (“SR-IOV”) implementations, a virtual Ethernet bridge(“VEB”) in a network interface card (“NIC”) can be used instead of thevR/vS 132 in the host kernel or in the user space.

Turning to FIG. 6B, another embodiment of the networking framework 600Bfor the data center 602 will be described. The data center 602 includesthe AR₁ 110A served by the vR/vS₁ 132A and the AR₂ 110B served by thevR/vS₂ 132B. The vR/vSs 132A, 132B provide connectivity to the backbonenetwork 108 through the PE/GW 106. The AR₁ 110A includes the server₁128A that hosts the VM₁ 130A and the VM₂ 130B. The AR₂ 110B includes theserver₂ 128B that hosts the VM₃ 130C and the VM₄ 130D. The VMs 130A-130Bare connected to the vR/vS₁ 132A via a constituent subnet (“subnet₁”)606A (e.g., the AR₁ L2 network 306A shown in FIG. 3A). The VMs 130C-130Dare connected to the vR/vS₂ 132B via another constituent subnet(“subnet₂”) 606B (e.g., the AR₂ L2 network 306B shown in FIG. 3A).

Referring now to FIG. 7, a block diagram illustrating an in-servicesequential AR-by-AR upgrade within an AZ 104 followed by an AZ-by-AZupgrade in a site 102 without impacting tenant services will bedescribed, according to an illustrative embodiment. If each of theservices in a site 102 are contained locally in an AZ 104, then theAZ-by-AZ upgrade in the site 102 alternatively can occur in parallel,but the AR-by-AR upgrade within an AZ is preferred to be sequential.

FIG. 7 illustrates the site 102, including the AZ₁ 104A and the AZ₂104B, each having instances of the AR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B. The AR₁110A of the AZ₁ 104A includes the VNF₁-ACTIVE 302A and the VNF₂-ACTIVE302B. The second VNF₂-ACTIVE 302B is communicatively connected via an L2connection to the VNF₂-PASSIVE 304B in the AR₂ 110B of the AZ₁ 104A. TheVNF₁-ACTIVE 302A in the AR₁ 110A of the AZ₁ 104A is communicativelyconnected via an L2 connection to VNF₁-PASSIVE 304A in the AR₂ 110B ofthe AZ₂ 104B. The AR₂ 110B of the AZ₂ 104B also includes a duplicate ofthe VNF₂-PASSIVE 304B that is communicatively connected via an L2connection to a duplicate instance of the VNF₂-ACTIVE 302B in the AR₁110A of the AZ₂ 104B. To perform an OPENSTACK and/or VNF upgrade from anN version to an N+1 version, the AZ₁ 104A is set to active mode whilethe AZ₂ 104B is set to maintenance mode and upgraded. After the AZ₂ 104Bis upgraded, the AZ₂ 104B returns to active mode and the AZ₁ 104A is setto maintenance mode and upgraded.

Turning now to FIG. 8A, a block diagram illustrating layer 2 adjacencybetween tenant VNFs hosted in different ARs (generally shown as 800)will be described, according to an illustrative embodiment. In theillustrated embodiment, the tenants 114A, 114B are hosted as VMs,Containers, or other virtual hosting solution on the servers 128A, 128B,respectively. The servers 128A, 128B are associated with the ARs 110A,110B, respectively. The control functions—that is, the cloud controllers116A, 116B and the SDN controllers 134A, 134B—for the ARs 110A, 110Bmanage the virtual hosting and the virtual network configuration detailsfor the tenants 114A, 114B via the hosting agents and the SDN endpoints(e.g., the vR/vSs 132A, 132B). The SDN endpoints can be implemented byvRouter, vSwitch, Virtual Ethernet Bridge, or other network client inthe servers 128A, 128B. The WAN network of the tenants 114A, 114B isconfigured as EVPN or VRF at the PE/GW 106. An SDN Gateway at the PE/GW106 also is managed by the SDN controllers 134A, 134B. Network adjacencybetween the tenants 114A, 114B and the WAN edge can be L2 and/or L3.Tenant network traffic can be forwarded over the leaf switches 316A,316B and the spine switches 310A, 310B either as tagged or tunneled,depending on the specific SDN implementation model.

Turning now to FIG. 8B, a block diagram illustrating an SDN link betweenVNFs in different ARs (generally shown as 802) will be described,according to an illustrative embodiment. The illustrated embodimentshows the L2-L4 protocol fields that are managed over an SDN logicallink between the tenants and across the network cloud leaf and spineinfrastructure when the SDN endpoints are in the servers. The SDNendpoints forward tenant traffic as tagged or tunneled, depending on thespecific SDN implementation model. The SDN logical link provides L2and/or L3 network adjacency between the tenants hosted in different ARs.

Turning now to FIG. 8C, a block diagram illustrating an SDN link betweenVNFs in different ARs in a partial SR-IOV implementation (generallyshown at 804) will be described, according to an illustrativeembodiment. The illustrated embodiment shows how the L2-L4 protocolfields are managed over an SDN logical link between the tenants andacross the network cloud leaf and spine infrastructure when one SDNendpoint is in a server and the other endpoint is at a leaf switch, suchas when the SDN model uses SR-IOV at one server. The SDN endpointsforward tenant traffic as tagged or tunneled, depending on the specificSDN implementation model. The SDN logical link provides L2 and/or L3network adjacency between the tenants hosted in different ARs.

Turning now to FIG. 8D, a block diagram illustrating an SDN link betweenVNFs in different ARs in a full SR-IOV implementation (generally shownat 806) will be described, according to an illustrative embodiment. Theillustrated embodiment shows how the L2-L4 protocol fields are managedover an SDN logical link between the tenants and across the networkcloud leaf and spine infrastructure when both SDN endpoints are at leafswitches, such as when the SDN model uses SR-IOV at both servers. TheSDN endpoints forward tenant traffic as tagged or tunneled, depending onthe specific SDN implementation model. The SDN logical link provides L2and/or L3 network adjacency between the tenants hosted in different ARs.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, a block diagram illustrating a 4-site model900A for configuring the cloud computing environment 100 to achieve 25%resource utilization will be described. FIG. 9A will be described usingthe numbering scheme established above for ease of explanation.

The illustrated 4-site model 900A includes sites 102A-102D, eachcommunicatively connected via the backbone network 108. Each of thesites 102 includes one AZ 104. In particular, the SITE₁ 102A includesthe AZ₁ 104A; the SITE₂ 102B includes the AZ₂ 104B; the SITE₃ 102Cincludes the AZ₃ 104C; and the site₄ 102D includes the AZ₄ 104D.

Each of the AZs 104 in the 4-site model 900A includes one AR 110. Inparticular, the AZ₁ 104A includes the AR₁ 110A; the AZ₂ 104B includesthe AR₂ 110B; the AZ₃ 104C includes the AR₃ 110C; and the AZ₄ 104Dincludes the AR₄ 110D. Each of the ARs 110 can include a pool of tenantservers 114 (shown as “tenant 114”; single tenant server configurationsare also contemplated) hosting one or more applications. In particular,the AR₁ 110A includes the tenant₁ 114A; the AR₂ 110B includes thetenant₂ 114B; the AR₃ 110C includes tenant₃ 114C; and the AR₄ 110Dincludes the tenant₄ 114D.

Each of the tenants 114 can host one or more of the VMs 130. Inparticular, the tenant₁ 114A hosts the VM₁ 130A and the VM₂ 130B; thetenant₂ 114B hosts the VM₃ 130C and the VM₄ 130D; the tenant₃ 114C hoststhe VM₅ 130E and the VM₆ 130F; and the tenant₄ 114D hosts the VM₇ 130Gand the VM₈ 130H. Each pair of VMs 130 (e.g., the VM₁ 130A and the VM₂130B) can be implemented in an active-passive configuration.

The 4-site model 900A provides a total 8 million (“8M”) quota in thefour sites 102A-102D, with each site 102 providing a 2M quota with 1Meach for active and passive (i.e., stand-by) VMs 130 to achieve 25%utilization. Site availability for the 4-site model 900A is three 9s(99.9%); AR 110 (LCP) availability also is three 9s; VM availability fora given active-passive VM pair is three 9s; site availability is five9s; and the storage design of the 4-site model 900A provides a singlepoint of failure. Each site 102 in the 4-site model 900A has only one AR110. Each of the sites 102 carries 500 thousand (“500K”) active trafficfor a total traffic of 2M in the four sites 102A-102D. An upgrade orfailure within any of the sites 102A-102D results in the upgraded/failedsite going out-of-service. Thus, when one of the sites 102A-102D (e.g.,SITE₁ 102A is upgraded during a planned event) and another one of thesites 102A-102D (e.g., SITE₂ 102B) fails as a result of an unplannedevent (e.g., a dramatic increase in traffic), the remaining two sites102C, 102D are required to manage the 2M traffic.

Turning now to FIG. 9B, a block diagram illustrating a novel 4-sitemodel 900B for configuring the cloud computing environment 100 toachieve 50% resource utilization will be described, according to anillustrative embodiment. The illustrated novel 4-site model 900Bincludes the sites 102A-102D communicatively connected via the backbonenetwork 108. In the illustrated novel 4-site model 900B, each of thesites 102 includes one AZ 104 defined by the PE/GW 106 servicedemarcation that provides connectivity between resources in the AZ 104and the backbone network 108. In particular, the site₁ 102A includes theAZ₁ 104A defined by the PE/GW₁ 106A; the SITE₂ 102B includes AZ₂ 104Bdefined by the PE/GW₂ 106B; the SITE₃ 102C includes the AZ₃ 104C definedby the PE/GW₃ 106C; and the SITE₄ 102D includes the AZ₄ 104D defined bythe PE/GW₄ 106D.

Each of the AZs 104A-104D in the illustrated novel 4-site model 900Bincludes two ARs 110. In particular, the AZ₁ 104A includes the AR₁ 110Aand the AR₂ 110B; the AZ₂ 104B includes duplicate instances of the AR₁110A and the AR₂ 110B; the AZ₃ 104C includes duplicate instances of theAR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B; and the AZ₄ 104D includes duplicate instancesof the AR₁ 110A and the AR₂ 110B. Each of the ARs 110 in the illustratednovel 4-site model 900B includes one CC 112 and one tenant 114. Inparticular, the AR₁ 110A includes the CC₁ 112A and the tenant₁ 114A, andthe AR₂ 110B includes the CC₂ 112B and the tenant₂ 114B. Each of thetenants 114 in the illustrated novel 4-site model 900B includes one VM130. In particular, the tenant₁ 114A includes the VM₁ 130A, and thetenant₂ 114B includes the VM₂ 130B. Each pair of the tenants 114A, 114Bcan communicate via an L2 connection.

The illustrated novel 4-site model 900B provides a total 8M quota in thefour sites 102A-102D, with each site 102 providing a 2M quota with 1Mquota for active VMs 130 in one AR 110 (e.g., the AR₁ 110A) and 1M quotafor standby VMs 130 in the other AR 110 (e.g., the AR₂ 110B) to achieve50% utilization (a 25% utilization improvement over the 4-site model900A described above with reference FIG. 9A). Site 102 availability forthe novel 4-site model 900B is five 9s (99.999%), AR (LCP) 110availability is three 9s, VM 130 availability in an active-passive VMpair (e.g., VM₁ 130A, VM₂ 130B) is five 9s, site 102 networkavailability is five 9s, and storage design provides redundancy with viathe L2 connections between the VMs 130A, 130B. Each of the sites 102carries 750K active traffic for a total traffic of 3M in the four sites102A-102D (instead of 2M in the 4 sites 102A-102D of the 4-site model900A described above with reference to FIG. 9A). An upgrade or failurewithin any of the sites 102A-102D is managed locally. For example, ifthe AR₁ 110A is upgraded (or fails), the AR₂ 110B manages any redirectedtraffic. If any of the sites 102A-102D goes down, traffic is redirectedto the remaining three sites 102 resulting in 3M traffic to be handledby these sites 102.

Turning now to FIG. 9C, a block diagram illustrating a novel 3-sitemodel 900C for application placement in the cloud computing environment100 to achieve 66% resource utilization will be described, according toan illustrative embodiment. The illustrated novel 3-site model 900Cincludes the sites 102A-102C communicatively connected via the backbonenetwork 108. In the illustrated novel 3-site model 900C, each of thesites 102A-102C includes one AZ 104 defined by the PE/GW 106 servicedemarcation that provides connectivity between resources in the AZ 104and the backbone network 108. In particular, the site₁ 102A includes theAZ₁ 104A defined by the PE/GW₁ 106A; the SITE₂ 102B includes AZ₂ 104Bdefined by the PE/GW₂ 106B; and the SITES 102C includes the AZ₃ 104Cdefined by the PE/GW₃ 106C.

Each of the AZs 104A-104C in the illustrated novel 3-site model 900Cincludes three ARs 110A-110C. In particular, the AZ₁ 104A includes theAR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, and the AR₃ 110C; the AZ₂ 104B includes aduplicate of the AR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, and the AR₃ 110C; and the AZ₃104C includes a duplicate of the AR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, and the AR₃110C. Each of the ARs 110 in the illustrated novel 3-site model 900Cincludes one CC 112 and one tenant 114. In particular, the AR₁ 110Aincludes the CC₁ 112A and the tenant₁ 114A, the AR₂ 110B includes theCC₂ 112B and the tenant₂ 114B, and the AR₃ 110C includes the CC₃ 112Cand the tenant₃ 114C. Each of the tenants 114 in the illustrated novel3-site model 900C includes one VM 130. In particular, the tenant₁ 114Aincludes the VM₁ 130A, the tenant₂ 114B includes the VM₂ 130B, and thetenant₃ 114C includes the VM₃ 130C. The tenants 114A-114C cancommunicate via an L2 connection.

The illustrated novel 3-site model 900C provides a total 3M quota in thethree sites 102A-102C, with each site 102 providing a 330K quota foreach AR 110 for a total quota of 1M per site 102. Also, each site 102carries only 666K traffic, thus providing 66% utilization (a 41%improvement over the 4-site model 900A; see FIG. 9A. Site 102availability for the novel 3-site model 900C is five 9s (99.999%), AR110 (LCP) availability is three 9s, VM 130 availability in anactive-passive VM 130 pair is five 9s, site 102 network availability isfive 9s, and storage design provides redundancy with via the L2connections between the VMs 130A-130C. An upgrade or failure within anyof the sites 102 is managed locally within the site 102. For example, ifan upgrade or failure occurs in the AR₁ 110A, traffic is redirected tothe other ARs in that site 102 (e.g., the AR₂ 110B and the AR₃ 110C). Ifany of the sites 102 experiences a total failure, traffic is redirectedto spare VMs 130 executing on the other two sites 102.

Referring now to FIG. 9D, a block diagram illustrating a second novel4-site model 900D for configuring a cloud computing environment, such asprovided by the cloud computing environment 100, to achieve 75% resourceutilization will be described, according to an illustrative embodiment.The illustrated novel 4-site model 900D includes the sites 102A-102Dcommunicatively connected via the backbone network 108. In theillustrated novel 4-site model 900D, each of the sites 102A-102Dincludes one AZ 104 defined by a PE/GW 106 service demarcation thatprovides connectivity between resources in an AZ 104 and the backbonenetwork 108. In particular, the site₁ 102A includes the AZ₁ 104A definedby the PE/GW₁ 106A; the SITE₂ 102B includes AZ₂ 104B defined by thePE/GW₂ 106B; the SITE₃ 102C includes the AZ₃ 104C defined by the PE/GW₃106C; and the SITE₄ 102D includes the AZ₄ 104D defined by the PE/GW₄106D.

Each of the AZs 104A-104D in the illustrated novel 4-site model 900Dincludes four ARs 110A-110D. In particular, the AZ₁ 104A includes theAR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, the AR₃ 110C, and the AR₄ 110D; the AZ₂ 104Bincludes a duplicate of the AR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, the AR₃ 110C, andthe AR₄ 110D; the AZ₃ 104C includes a duplicate of the AR₁ 110A, the AR₂110B, the AR₃ 110C, and the AR₄ 110D; and the AZ₄ 104D includes aduplicate of the AR₁ 110A, the AR₂ 110B, the AR₃ 110C, and the AR₄ 110D.Each of the ARs 110 in the illustrated novel 4-site model 900D includesone CC 112 and one tenant 114. In particular, the AR₁ 110A includes theCC₁ 112A and the tenant₁ 114A, the AR₂ 110B includes the CC₂ 112B andthe tenant₂ 114B, the AR₃ 110C includes the CC₃ 112C and the tenant₃114C, and the AR₄ 110D includes the CC₄ 112D and the tenant₄ 114D. Eachof the tenants 114 in the illustrated novel 4-site model 900D includesone VM 130. In particular, the tenant₁ 114A includes the VM₁ 130A, thetenant₂ 114B includes the VM₂ 130B, the tenant₃ 114C includes the VM₃130C, and the tenant₄ 114D includes the VM₄ 130D. The tenants 114A-114Dcan communicate via an L2 connection.

The illustrated novel 4-site model 900D provides a total 3M quota infour sites 102A-102D, with each site 102 providing a 250K quota for eachAR 110 for a total quota of 1M per site 102. Also, each site 102 carriesonly 750K traffic, thus providing 75% utilization (a 50% improvementover the 4-site model 900A shown in FIG. 9A). Site 102 availability forthe novel 4-site model 900D is five 9s (99.999%), AR 110 (LCP)availability is three 9s, VM 130 availability in an active-passive VMpair is five 9s, site 102 network availability is five 9s, and storagedesign provides redundancy with via the L2 connections between the VMs130A-130D. Each site 102 in the novel 4-site model 900D has a 250Kactive quota on each of the ARs 110A-110D. An upgrade or failure withinany of the sites 102 is managed locally within the site 102. Forexample, if an upgrade or failure occurs in the AR₁ 110A, traffic isredirected to the other ARs 110 in that site 102 (e.g., the AR₂ 110B,the AR₃ 110C, and the AR₄ 110D). If any of the sites 102 experiences atotal failure, traffic is redirected to spare VMs 130 executing on theother three sites 102.

Turning now to FIG. 10A, a graph 1000 illustrating an example clustersize (x-axis) versus peak cloud utilization (y-axis) will be described,according to an illustrative embodiment. The cluster size refers to thelocal cluster and geo-cluster size. Five 9s of VM availability can beachieved using a combination of VM clusters spread across ARs 110 withinthe AZ 104 for local redundancy and replication of this across sites 102for geo-redundancy. For example, a cluster size of 4 in the graph 1000refers to a local cluster of four VMs 130 and a geo-cluster of four suchsites 102 (with four VMs 130 each; as shown in FIG. 9D). The peak cloudutilization refers to effective quota utilization. Bigger cluster sizesincrease the complexity for implementation. Cluster sizes of 3 to 6offer better utilization and manageable complexity. Sincetelecommunications networks are typically engineered for 80% peakutilization, cluster sizes of 4 or 5 are optimal.

Turning now to FIG. 10B, a table 1002 illustrating example topologiesand cloud resource utilization scenarios will be described, according toan illustrative embodiment. Conditions for defining utilization can bemodified based upon the site physical topology and applicationrequirements. In such cases, cloud resource utilization might varyaccordingly but still be maintained above 50% that is typical ofphysical infrastructures for real-time services.

Turning now to FIG. 11, aspects of a method 1100 for applicationplacement within the cloud computing environment 100 will be described,according to an illustrative embodiment. It should be understood thatthe operations of the methods disclosed herein are not necessarilypresented in any particular order and that performance of some or all ofthe operations in an alternative order(s) is possible and iscontemplated. The operations have been presented in the demonstratedorder for ease of description and illustration. Operations may be added,omitted, and/or performed simultaneously, without departing from thescope of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein.

It also should be understood that the methods disclosed herein can beended at any time and need not be performed in its entirety. Some or alloperations of the methods, and/or substantially equivalent operations,can be performed by execution of computer-readable instructions includedon a computer storage media, as defined herein. The term“computer-readable instructions,” and variants thereof, as used herein,is used expansively to include routines, applications, applicationmodules, program modules, programs, components, data structures,algorithms, and the like. Computer-readable instructions can beimplemented on various system configurations including single-processoror multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based,programmable consumer electronics, combinations thereof, and the like.

Thus, it should be appreciated that the logical operations describedherein are implemented (1) as a sequence of computer implemented acts orprogram modules running on a computing system and/or (2) asinterconnected machine logic circuits or circuit modules within thecomputing system. The implementation is a matter of choice dependent onthe performance and other requirements of the computing system.Accordingly, the logical operations described herein are referred tovariously as states, operations, structural devices, acts, or modules.These states, operations, structural devices, acts, and modules may beimplemented in software, in firmware, in special purpose digital logic,and any combination thereof. As used herein, the phrase “cause aprocessor to perform operations” and variants thereof is used to referto causing one or more processors to perform operations.

For purposes of illustrating and describing some of the concepts of thepresent disclosure, the methods disclosed herein are described as beingperformed, at least in part, by a VM placement system, such as thecentral placement decision system 404 (see FIG. 4) executinginstructions to perform operations disclosed herein. It should beunderstood that additional and/or alternative devices and/or networknodes can provide the functionality described herein via execution ofone or more modules, applications, and/or other software. Thus, theillustrated embodiments are illustrative, and should not be viewed asbeing limiting in any way.

The method 1100 begins and proceeds to operation 1102, where the centralplacement decision system 404 receives an application placement requestfrom a request queue. From operation 1102, the method 1100 proceeds tooperation 1104, where the central placement decision system 404determines the availability and utilization requirements for applicationplacement.

In some embodiments, the application placement request specifiesavailability and/or utilization requirements to be met for placement ofthe requested application. In this manner, the application placementrequest can identify any of the novel high availability and highutilization models disclosed herein to be used for applicationplacement.

In other embodiments, the central placement decision system 404determines the availability and utilization requirements under which theapplication is to be placed. The central placement decision system 404can make such determinations based upon one or more policies created byor for the provider of at least a portion of the cloud computingenvironment.

The central placement decision system 404 also can consider the statusof one or more cloud resources in this determination. The status caninclude current utilization metrics for one or more of the cloudresources available from the cloud computing environment. The status canidentify any cloud resource failures based upon output received from oneor more monitoring systems of one or more servers (e.g., server 128).The status can include information regarding any planned event,including, for example, any planned upgrades to any of the sites 102,the AZs 104, the ARs 110, the servers 128 associated with at least aportion of the cloud computing environment. From operation 1104, themethod 1100 proceeds to operation 1106, where the central placementdecision system 404 places the requested application in the cloudcomputing environment in accordance with the availability andutilization requirements determined at operation 1104.

From operation 1106, the method 1100 proceeds to operation 1108, wherethe cloud computing environment detects a failure or a planned event. Afailure can be detected via one or more monitoring systems that aredeployed within the cloud computing environment at any level—that is,the site 102, AZ 104, AR 110, server 128, or VM 130 level. The plannedevent can be an upgrade or other modification to any hardware and/orsoftware associated with at least a portion of the cloud computingenvironment in which the application was placed at operation 1106.

From operation 1108, the method 1100 proceeds to operation 1110, wherethe cloud computing environment, in response to the failure or plannedevent detected at operation 1106, redirects traffic associated withapplication from the portion of the cloud computing environment affectedby the failure or planned event to one or more spare VMs operatingelsewhere in the cloud computing environment. For example, the cloudcomputing environment can redirect traffic from one of the sites 102 toone or more other sites 102 that have available spare VMs 130. Fromoperation 1110, the method 1100 proceeds to operation 1112, where themethod 1100 ends.

Turning now to FIG. 12, an illustrative functions virtualizationplatform 1200 capable of implementing aspects of the cloud computingenvironment 100 will be described, according to an illustrativeembodiment. The functions virtualization platform 1200 includes ahardware resource layer 1202, a hypervisor layer 1204, a virtualresource layer 1206, a virtual function layer 1208, and a service layer1210. While no connections are shown between the layers illustrated inFIG. 12, it should be understood that some, none, or all of thecomponents illustrated in FIG. 12 can be configured to interact with oneother to carry out various functions described herein. In someembodiments, the components are arranged so as to communicate via one ormore networks. Thus, it should be understood that FIG. 12 and theremaining description are intended to provide a general understanding ofa suitable environment in which various aspects of the embodimentsdescribed herein can be implemented and should not be construed as beinglimiting in any way.

The hardware resource layer 1202 provides hardware resources. In theillustrated embodiment, the hardware resource layer 1202 includes one ormore compute resources 1212, one or more memory resources 1214, and oneor more other resources 1215. The compute resource(s) 1212 can includeone or more hardware components that perform computations to processdata and/or to execute computer-executable instructions of one or moreapplication programs, one or more operating systems, and/or othersoftware. In particular, the compute resources 1212 can include one ormore central processing units (“CPUs”) configured with one or moreprocessing cores. The compute resources 1212 can include one or moregraphics processing unit (“GPU”) configured to accelerate operationsperformed by one or more CPUs, and/or to perform computations to processdata, and/or to execute computer-executable instructions of one or moreapplication programs, one or more operating systems, and/or othersoftware that may or may not include instructions particular to graphicscomputations. In some embodiments, the compute resources 1212 caninclude one or more discrete GPUs. In some other embodiments, thecompute resources 1212 can include CPU and GPU components that areconfigured in accordance with a co-processing CPU/GPU computing model,wherein the sequential part of an application executes on the CPU andthe computationally-intensive part is accelerated by the GPU processingcapabilities. The compute resources 1212 can include one or moresystem-on-chip (“SoC”) components along with one or more othercomponents, including, for example, one or more of the memory resources1214, and/or one or more of the other resources 1215. In someembodiments, the compute resources 1212 can be or can include one ormore SNAPDRAGON SoCs, available from QUALCOMM of San Diego, Calif.; oneor more TEGRA SoCs, available from NVIDIA of Santa Clara, Calif.; one ormore HUMMINGBIRD SoCs, available from SAMSUNG of Seoul, South Korea; oneor more Open Multimedia Application Platform (“OMAP”) SoCs, availablefrom TEXAS INSTRUMENTS of Dallas, Tex.; one or more customized versionsof any of the above SoCs; and/or one or more proprietary SoCs. Thecompute resources 1212 can be or can include one or more hardwarecomponents architected in accordance with an ARM architecture, availablefor license from ARM HOLDINGS of Cambridge, United Kingdom.Alternatively, the compute resources 1212 can be or can include one ormore hardware components architected in accordance with an x86architecture, such an architecture available from INTEL CORPORATION ofMountain View, Calif., and others. Those skilled in the art willappreciate the implementation of the compute resources 1212 can utilizevarious computation architectures, and as such, the compute resources1212 should not be construed as being limited to any particularcomputation architecture or combination of computation architectures,including those explicitly disclosed herein.

The memory resource(s) 1214 can include one or more hardware componentsthat perform storage/memory operations, including temporary or permanentstorage operations. In some embodiments, the memory resource(s) 1214include volatile and/or non-volatile memory implemented in any method ortechnology for storage of information such as computer-readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, or other data disclosedherein. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, randomaccess memory (“RAM”), read-only memory (“ROM”), Erasable ProgrammableROM (“EPROM”), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (“EEPROM”), flashmemory or other solid state memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatiledisks (“DVD”), or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetictape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or anyother medium which can be used to store data and which can be accessedby the compute resources 1212.

The other resource(s) 1215 can include any other hardware resources thatcan be utilized by the compute resources(s) 1212 and/or the memoryresource(s) 1214 to perform operations described herein. The otherresource(s) 1215 can include one or more input and/or output processors(e.g., network interface controller or wireless radio), one or moremodems, one or more codec chipset, one or more pipeline processors, oneor more fast Fourier transform (“FFT”) processors, one or more digitalsignal processors (“DSPs”), one or more speech synthesizers, and/or thelike.

The hardware resources operating within the hardware resource layer 1202can be virtualized by one or more hypervisors 1216A-1216N (also known as“virtual machine monitors”) operating within the hypervisor layer 1204to create virtual resources that reside in the virtual resource layer1206. The hypervisors 1216A-1216N can be or can include software,firmware, and/or hardware that alone or in combination with othersoftware, firmware, and/or hardware, creates and manages virtualresources 1218A-1218N operating within the virtual resource layer 1206.

The virtual resources 1218A-1218N operating within the virtual resourcelayer 1206 can include abstractions of at least a portion of the computeresources 1212, the memory resources 1214, and/or the other resources1215, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the abstractionscan include one or more VMs, virtual volumes, virtual networks, and/orother virtualizes resources upon which one or more VNFs 1219A-1219N canbe executed. The VNFs 1219A-1219N in the virtual function layer 1208 areconstructed out of the virtual resources 1218A-1218N in the virtualresource layer 1206. In the illustrated example, the VNFs 1219A-1219Ncan provide, at least in part, one or more services 1220A-1220N in theservice layer 1210.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a computer system 1300configured to provide the functionality in accordance with variousembodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein. It shouldbe understood, however, that modification to the architecture may bemade to facilitate certain interactions among elements described herein.

The computer system 1300 includes a processing unit 1302, a memory 1304,one or more user interface devices 1306, one or more input/output(“I/O”) devices 1308, and one or more network devices 1310, each ofwhich is operatively connected to a system bus 1312. The bus 1312enables bi-directional communication between the processing unit 1302,the memory 1304, the user interface devices 1306, the I/O devices 1308,and the network devices 1310.

The processing unit 1302 may be a standard central processor thatperforms arithmetic and logical operations, a more specific purposeprogrammable logic controller (“PLC”), a programmable gate array, orother type of processor known to those skilled in the art and suitablefor controlling the operation of the server computer. Processing unitsare generally known, and therefore are not described in further detailherein.

The memory 1304 communicates with the processing unit 1302 via thesystem bus 1312. In some embodiments, the memory 1304 is operativelyconnected to a memory controller (not shown) that enables communicationwith the processing unit 1302 via the system bus 1312. The illustratedmemory 1304 includes an operating system 1314 and one or more programmodules 1316. The operating system 1314 can include, but is not limitedto, members of the WINDOWS, WINDOWS CE, and/or WINDOWS MOBILE familiesof operating systems from MICROSOFT CORPORATION, the LINUX family ofoperating systems, the SYMBIAN family of operating systems from SYMBIANLIMITED, the BREW family of operating systems from QUALCOMM CORPORATION,the MAC OS, OS X, and/or iOS families of operating systems from APPLECORPORATION, the FREEBSD family of operating systems, the SOLARIS familyof operating systems from ORACLE CORPORATION, other operating systems,and the like.

The program modules 1316 may include various software and/or programmodules to perform the various operations described herein. The programmodules 1316 and/or other programs can be embodied in computer-readablemedia containing instructions that, when executed by the processing unit1302, perform various operations such as those described herein.According to embodiments, the program modules 1316 may be embodied inhardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.

By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media mayinclude any available computer storage media or communication media thatcan be accessed by the computer system 1300. Communication mediaincludes computer-readable instructions, data structures, programmodules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier waveor other transport mechanism and includes any delivery media. The term“modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of itscharacteristics changed or set in a manner as to encode information inthe signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication mediaincludes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection,and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wirelessmedia. Combinations of the any of the above should also be includedwithin the scope of computer-readable media.

Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable andnon-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storageof information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures,program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but isnot limited to, RAM, ROM, Erasable Programmable ROM (“EPROM”),Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (“EEPROM”), flash memory or othersolid state memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (“DVD”),or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magneticdisk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other mediumwhich can be used to store the desired information and which can beaccessed by the computer system 1300. In the claims, the phrase“computer storage medium” and variations thereof does not include wavesor signals per se and/or communication media.

The user interface devices 1306 may include one or more devices withwhich a user accesses the computer system 1300. The user interfacedevices 1306 may include, but are not limited to, computers, servers,PDAs, cellular phones, or any suitable computing devices. The I/Odevices 1308 enable a user to interface with the program modules 1316.In one embodiment, the I/O devices 1308 are operatively connected to anI/O controller (not shown) that enables communication with theprocessing unit 1302 via the system bus 1312. The I/O devices 1308 mayinclude one or more input devices, such as, but not limited to, akeyboard, a mouse, or an electronic stylus. Further, the I/O devices1308 may include one or more output devices, such as, but not limitedto, a display screen or a printer.

The network devices 1310 enable the computer system 1300 to communicatewith other networks or remote systems via a network 1318. Examples ofthe network devices 1310 include, but are not limited to, a modem, aradio frequency (“RF”) or infrared (“IR”) transceiver, a telephonicinterface, a bridge, a router, or a network card. The network 1318 mayinclude a wireless network such as, but not limited to, a Wireless LocalArea Network (“WLAN”), a Wireless Wide Area Network (“WWAN”), a WirelessPersonal Area Network (“WPAN”) such as provided via BLUETOOTHtechnology, a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (“WMAN”) such as aWiMAX network or metropolitan cellular network. Alternatively, thenetwork 1318 may be a wired network such as, but not limited to, a WideArea Network (“WAN”), a wired Personal Area Network (“PAN”), or a wiredMetropolitan Area Network (“MAN”). The network 1318 can be or caninclude the backbone network 108 and/or, one or more networks operatingwithin the cloud computing environment 100.

Turning now to FIG. 14, details of an overall network 1400 areillustrated, according to an illustrative embodiment. The overallnetwork 1400 includes a cellular network 1402, a packet data network1404, for example, the Internet, and a circuit switched network 1406,for example, a public switched telephone network (“PSTN”). The backbonenetwork 108 can be provided as part of the overall network 1400 orintegrated within one or more of the sub-networks encompassed thereby.

The cellular network 1402 includes various components such as, but notlimited to, base transceiver stations (“BTSs”), Node-B's or e-Node-B's,base station controllers (“BSCs”), radio network controllers (“RNCs”),mobile switching centers (“MSCs”), mobile management entities (“MMEs”),short message service centers (“SMSCs”), multimedia messaging servicecenters (“MMSCs”), home location registers (“HLRs”), home subscriberservers (“HSSs”), visitor location registers (“VLRs”), chargingplatforms, billing platforms, voicemail platforms, GPRS core networkcomponents, location service nodes, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (“IMS”),and the like. The cellular network 1402 also includes radios and nodesfor receiving and transmitting voice, data, and combinations thereof toand from radio transceivers, networks, the packet data network 1404, andthe circuit switched network 1406.

A mobile communications device 1408, such as, for example, a cellulartelephone, a user equipment, a mobile terminal, a PDA, a laptopcomputer, a handheld computer, and combinations thereof, can beoperatively connected to the cellular network 1402. The cellular network1402 can be configured as a 2G Global System for Mobile communications(“GSM”) network and can provide data communications via General PacketRadio Service (“GPRS”) and/or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution(“EDGE”). Additionally, or alternatively, the cellular network 1402 canbe configured as a 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(“UMTS”) network and can provide data communications via the High-SpeedPacket Access (“HSPA”) protocol family, for example, High-Speed DownlinkPacket Access (“HSDPA”), Enhanced Uplink (“EUL”) (also referred to asHigh-Speed Uplink Packet Access “HSUPA”), and HSPA+. The cellularnetwork 1402 also is compatible with 4G mobile communications standardssuch as Long-Term Evolution (“LTE”), or the like, as well as evolved andfuture mobile standards.

The packet data network 1404 includes various devices, for example,servers, computers, databases, and other devices in communication withone another, as is generally known. The packet data network 1404 devicesare accessible via one or more network links. The servers often storevarious files that are provided to a requesting device such as, forexample, a computer, a terminal, a smartphone, or the like. Typically,the requesting device includes software (a “browser”) for executing aweb page in a format readable by the browser or other software. Otherfiles and/or data may be accessible via “links” in the retrieved files,as is generally known. The circuit switched network 1406 includesvarious hardware and software for providing circuit switchedcommunications. The circuit switched network 1406 may include, or maybe, what is often referred to as a plain old telephone system (“POTS”).The functionality of a circuit switched network 1406 or othercircuit-switched network are generally known and will not be describedherein in detail.

The illustrated cellular network 1402 is shown in communication with thepacket data network 1404 and a circuit switched network 1406, though itshould be appreciated that this is not necessarily the case. One or moreInternet-capable devices 1410, a PC, a laptop, a portable device, oranother suitable device, can communicate with one or more cellularnetworks 1402, and devices connected thereto, through the packet datanetwork 1404. It also should be appreciated that the Internet-capabledevice 1410 can communicate with the packet data network 1404 throughthe circuit switched network 1406, the cellular network 1402, and/or viaother networks (not illustrated).

As illustrated, a communications device 1412, for example, a telephone,facsimile machine, modem, computer, or the like, can be in communicationwith the circuit switched network 1406, and therethrough to the packetdata network 1404 and/or the cellular network 1402. It should beappreciated that the communications device 1412 can be anInternet-capable device, and can be substantially similar to theInternet-capable device 1410. In the specification, the network is usedto refer broadly to any combination of the networks 1402, 1404, 1406shown in FIG. 14.

Turning now to FIG. 15, a network topology 1500 for a data center cloud1502 will be described, according to an illustrative embodiment. Theillustrated network topology 1500 includes three layers: an application(“APP”) layer 1504, a virtual network topology layer 1506, and aphysical network topology layer 1508. The APP layer 1504 can include oneor more application VNFs 1510A-1510N, each of which can be divided toone or more sub-VNFs 1512 to be executed by one or more VMs 1514.

The virtual network topology layer 1506 includes the VMs 1514, one ormore hypervisors 1516, and one or more server modules (“blades”) 1518.Each blade 1518 can support one hypervisor 1516 that, in turn, canmanage one or more of the VMs 1514. The blades 1518 provide computingcapacity to support the VMs 1514 carrying the VNFs 1512. The hypervisors1516 provide resource management among the VMs 1514 supported thereby. Alogical server cluster 1520 is created for resource allocation andreallocation purpose, which includes the blades 1518 in the same serverhost 1522. Each server host 1522 includes one or more of the serverclusters 1520.

The physical network topology layer 1508 includes an Ethernet switch(“ESwitch”) group 1524 and a router group 1526. The ESwitch group 1524provides traffic switching function among the blades 1518. The routergroup 1526 provides connectivity for traffic routing between the datacenter cloud 1502 and virtualized IP network(s) 1528. The router group1526 may or may not provide multiplexing functions, depending uponnetwork design.

The virtual network topology 1506 is dynamic by nature, and as such, theVMs 1514 can be moved among the blades 1518 as needed. The physicalnetwork topology 1508 is more static, and as such, no dynamic resourceallocation is involved in this layer. Through such a network topologyconfiguration, the association among application VNFs 1510, the VM 1514supporting the application VNFs 1510, and the blades 1518 that host theVM 1514 can be determined.

In the illustrated example, a first VNF is divided into two sub-VNFs,VNF1-1 1512A and VNF1-2 1512C, which is executed by VM 1-1-1 1514A andVM 1-N−1 1514C, respectively. The VM 1-1-1 1514A is hosted by the blade1-1 1518A and managed by the hypervisor 1-1 1516A in the server cluster1 1520 of the server host 1522. Traffic switching between the blade 1-11518A and the blade 1-N 1518N is performed via ESwitch-1 1524A. Trafficcommunications between the ESwitch group 1524 and the virtualized IPnetwork(s) 1528 are performed via the router group 1526. In thisexample, the VM 1-1-1 1514A can be moved from the blade 1-1 1518A to theblade 1-N 1518N for VM live migration if the blade 1-1 1518A is detectedto have difficulty to support the VNF 1-1 1512A performance requirementsand the blade 1-N 1518N has sufficient capacity and is available tosupport the VNF1-1 1512A performance requirements. The virtual networktopology 1506 is dynamic by nature due to real-time resourceallocation/reallocation capability of cloud SDN. The association ofapplication, VM, and blade host in this example is the VNF1-1 1512A isexecuted on the VM 1-1-1 1514A hosted by the blade 1-1 1518A in theserver cluster 1 1520A.

Based on the foregoing, it should be appreciated that concepts andtechnologies directed to a high availability and high utilization cloudcomputing environment for supporting telecommunications services havebeen disclosed herein. Although the subject matter presented herein hasbeen described in language specific to computer structural features,methodological and transformative acts, specific computing machinery,and computer-readable media, it is to be understood that the conceptsand technologies disclosed herein are not necessarily limited to thespecific features, acts, or media described herein. Rather, the specificfeatures, acts and mediums are disclosed as example forms ofimplementing the concepts and technologies disclosed herein.

The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustrationonly and should not be construed as limiting. Various modifications andchanges may be made to the subject matter described herein withoutfollowing the example embodiments and applications illustrated anddescribed, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of theembodiments of the concepts and technologies disclosed herein.

1. A system comprising: a processor; a memory comprising instructionsfor a conductor service and a valet service that, when executed by theprocessor, cause the processor to perform operations comprisingreceiving, by the conductor service, from an orchestrator, a virtualnetwork function homing request, performing, by the conductor service, acapacity check for each candidate site of a plurality of sites, whereinthe plurality of sites are configured in accordance with a local andgeo-redundancy model for virtual network function placement within acloud computing environment, selecting, by the conductor service, atarget site having a capacity needed to accommodate the virtual networkfunction homing request, identifying, by the conductor service, thetarget site to the orchestrator, receiving, by the valet service, fromthe orchestrator, a virtual network function placement request, whereinthe virtual network function placement request identifies the targetsite and a number of virtual network functions to be instantiated at thetarget site, determining, by the valet service, placement for the numberof virtual network functions within the target site, and notifying, bythe valet service, the orchestrator of the placement for the number ofvirtual network functions within the target site.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein the local and geo-redundancy model for virtual networkfunction placement within the cloud computing environment comprises acloud utilization value of at least 37.5% with a site availability valueof at least 99.999% and a virtual machine availability of at least99.999%.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the local and geo-redundancymodel for virtual network function placement within the cloud computingenvironment comprises a cloud utilization value of at least 66% with asite availability value of at least 99.999% and a virtual machineavailability of at least 99.999%.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein thelocal and geo-redundancy model for virtual network function placementwithin the cloud computing environment comprises a cloud utilizationvalue of at least 75% with a site availability value of at least 99.999%and a virtual machine availability of at least 99.999%.
 5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the virtual network function placement requestcomprises an orchestration template.
 6. The system of claim 5, whereinthe orchestration template comprises an OPENSTACK HOT.
 7. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the plurality of sites configured in accordance withthe local and geo-redundancy model for application placement within thecloud computing environment also provides low latency.
 8. A methodcomprising: receiving, by a conductor service executed by a processor ofa central placement decision system, from an orchestrator, a virtualnetwork function homing request; performing, by the conductor service, acapacity check for each candidate site of a plurality of sites, whereinthe plurality of sites are configured in accordance with a local andgeo-redundancy model for virtual network function placement within acloud computing environment; selecting, by the conductor service, atarget site having a capacity needed to accommodate the virtual networkfunction homing request; identifying, by the conductor service, thetarget site to the orchestrator; receiving, by a valet service executedby the processor of the central placement decision system, from theorchestrator, a virtual network function placement request, wherein thevirtual network function placement request identifies the target siteand a number of virtual network functions to be instantiated at thetarget site; determining, by the valet service, placement for the numberof virtual network functions within the target site; and notifying, bythe valet service, the orchestrator of the placement for the number ofvirtual network functions within the target site.
 9. The method of claim8, wherein the local and geo-redundancy model for virtual networkfunction placement within the cloud computing environment comprises acloud utilization value of at least 37.5% with a site availability valueof at least 99.999% and a virtual machine availability of at least99.999%.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the local and geo-redundancymodel for virtual network function placement within the cloud computingenvironment comprises a cloud utilization value of at least 66% with asite availability value of at least 99.999% and a virtual machineavailability of at least 99.999%.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein thelocal and geo-redundancy model for virtual network function placementwithin the cloud computing environment comprises a cloud utilizationvalue of at least 75% with a site availability value of at least 99.999%and a virtual machine availability of at least 99.999%.
 12. The methodof claim 8, wherein the virtual network function placement requestcomprises an orchestration template.
 13. The method of claim 12, whereinthe orchestration template comprises an OPENSTACK HOT.
 14. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the plurality of sites configured in accordance withthe local and geo-redundancy model for application placement within thecloud computing environment also provides low latency.
 15. Acomputer-readable storage medium comprising instructions for a conductorservice and a valet service that, when executed by a processor, causethe processor to perform operations comprising: receiving, by theconductor service, from an orchestrator, a virtual network functionhoming request; performing, by the conductor service, a capacity checkfor each candidate site of a plurality of sites, wherein the pluralityof sites are configured in accordance with a local and geo-redundancymodel for virtual network function placement within a cloud computingenvironment; selecting, by the conductor service, a target site having acapacity needed to accommodate the virtual network function homingrequest; identifying, by the conductor service, the target site to theorchestrator; receiving, by the valet service, from the orchestrator, avirtual network function placement request, wherein the virtual networkfunction placement request identifies the target site and a number ofvirtual network functions to be instantiated at the target site;determining, by the valet service, placement for the number of virtualnetwork functions within the target site; and notifying, by the valetservice, the orchestrator of the placement for the number of virtualnetwork functions within the target site.
 16. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 15, wherein the local and geo-redundancy modelfor virtual network function placement within the cloud computingenvironment comprises a cloud utilization value of at least 37.5% with asite availability value of at least 99.999% and a virtual machineavailability of at least 99.999%.
 17. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 15, wherein the local and geo-redundancy model forvirtual network function placement within the cloud computingenvironment comprises a cloud utilization value of at least 66% with asite availability value of at least 99.999% and a virtual machineavailability of at least 99.999%.
 18. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 15, wherein the local and geo-redundancy model forvirtual network function placement within the cloud computingenvironment comprises a cloud utilization value of at least 75% with asite availability value of at least 99.999% and a virtual machineavailability of at least 99.999%.
 19. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 15, wherein the virtual network function placementrequest comprises an orchestration template.
 20. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 15, wherein the plurality of sites configured inaccordance with the local and geo-redundancy model for applicationplacement within the cloud computing environment also provides lowlatency.